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Normality Formula:
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Normality (N) is a measure of concentration equal to the gram equivalent weight per liter of solution. It accounts for the number of reactive units in a chemical compound and is commonly used in titration calculations.
The calculator uses the normality formula:
Where:
Explanation: The equation converts molar concentration to equivalent concentration by accounting for the number of reactive species in the compound.
Details: Normality is particularly important in acid-base chemistry, redox reactions, and precipitation reactions where the number of reactive species matters more than just the molar concentration.
Tips: Enter the molar concentration of your solution and the number of equivalents per mole. For acids, equivalents equal the number of H+ ions; for bases, the number of OH- ions; for redox reactions, the number of electrons transferred.
Q1: When should I use normality instead of molarity?
A: Use normality when the number of reactive species is important, such as in titrations or when preparing solutions for specific chemical reactions.
Q2: How do I determine the number of equivalents?
A: For acids/bases, it's the number of H+/OH- ions per molecule. For redox reactions, it's the number of electrons transferred per molecule.
Q3: What are some examples of equivalents?
A: HCl has 1 equivalent, H₂SO₄ has 2, Al(OH)₃ has 3. For Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺, it's 1 electron so 1 equivalent.
Q4: Is normality always greater than molarity?
A: No, normality can be equal to or greater than molarity, but never less. For monoprotic acids/monovalent bases, they are equal.
Q5: Why is normality less commonly used today?
A: While still useful for specific applications, molarity is more universally applicable and doesn't require knowledge of the reaction context.