1. What is Punnett Square Ratio?

The Punnett square ratio predicts the probability of offspring genotypes from parental alleles. It's a fundamental tool in Mendelian genetics that shows possible combinations of parental alleles during fertilization.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the basic probability formula:

Where:

• \( P \) — Probability (dimensionless)
• \( F \) — Favorable outcomes (dimensionless)
• \( T \) — Total possible outcomes (dimensionless)

Explanation: The calculator also simplifies the ratio of favorable to total outcomes to its lowest terms.

3. Importance of Punnett Square

Details: Punnett squares are essential for predicting genetic inheritance patterns, determining genotype and phenotype probabilities, and understanding dominant/recessive trait transmission.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the number of favorable genotype combinations (F) and total possible combinations (T) from a Punnett square. Both must be positive integers with F ≤ T.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What's the difference between genotype and phenotype ratio?
A: Genotype ratio counts genetic combinations (e.g., AA:Aa:aa), while phenotype ratio counts observable traits (e.g., dominant:recessive).

Q2: How do I count outcomes in a Punnett square?
A: Each box represents one possible combination. Count boxes with the desired genotype for F, and all boxes for T.

Q3: What's a monohybrid vs dihybrid cross?
A: Monohybrid examines one trait (4-box square), dihybrid examines two traits (16-box square).

Q4: Can this calculator handle incomplete dominance?
A: This basic version assumes complete dominance. For incomplete dominance, phenotype ratios may differ.

Q5: How accurate are Punnett square predictions?
A: They predict probabilities for large offspring numbers. Actual small family outcomes may vary due to chance.