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Punnett Square Probability:
Where:
P (probability dimensionless)
F (favorable outcomes dimensionless)
T (total outcomes dimensionless)
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A Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of offspring from parental alleles. It's a fundamental tool in genetics that visually represents Mendelian inheritance patterns.
The calculator uses the Punnett square method with the probability formula:
Where:
Explanation: The calculator takes two parental genotypes, generates all possible combinations, and calculates the probabilities of different phenotypes based on the inheritance pattern.
Details: The calculator shows the probability of offspring inheriting dominant, recessive, or heterozygous traits based on the parents' genotypes. Dominant traits are represented by uppercase letters, recessive by lowercase.
Tips: Enter parental genotypes as two letters (e.g., RR, Rr, rr). Select colors to represent dominant, recessive, and heterozygous traits. The calculator will display the Punnett square with color coding and probability percentages.
Q1: What's the difference between genotype and phenotype?
A: Genotype is the genetic makeup (e.g., Rr), while phenotype is the physical expression (e.g., red flowers).
Q2: How do I know which allele is dominant?
A: Dominant alleles are typically represented by uppercase letters and mask the expression of recessive alleles (lowercase).
Q3: What does heterozygous mean?
A: Heterozygous means having two different alleles for a gene (e.g., Rr), while homozygous means two identical alleles (RR or rr).
Q4: Can this calculator handle multiple genes?
A: This version handles single-gene (monohybrid) crosses. For multiple genes, a more complex dihybrid cross would be needed.
Q5: Are the probabilities always exact?
A: The probabilities represent statistical likelihoods - actual results in small sample sizes may vary due to random chance.