1. What is a Punnett Square?

The Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the genotype and phenotype probabilities of offspring from parental alleles. It's a fundamental tool in Mendelian genetics.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the probability formula:

Where:

• \( P \) — Probability (dimensionless)
• \( F \) — Favorable outcomes (dimensionless)
• \( T \) — Total possible outcomes (dimensionless)

Explanation: The probability of a particular genotype or phenotype is calculated by dividing the number of favorable outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes in the Punnett square.

3. Importance of Probability in Genetics

Details: Understanding genetic probabilities helps predict inheritance patterns, assess disease risks, and guide breeding programs in agriculture.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the number of squares in the Punnett square that show your desired outcome as F, and the total number of squares as T. Both must be positive integers with F ≤ T.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What's the difference between genotype and phenotype probability?
A: Genotype probability refers to genetic makeup (e.g., Aa), while phenotype probability refers to observable traits (e.g., brown eyes).

Q2: How do I count outcomes for dihybrid crosses?
A: For two traits, the Punnett square has 16 boxes. Count how many show your desired combination.

Q3: Does this account for incomplete dominance?
A: No, this basic calculator assumes complete dominance. More complex inheritance patterns require additional considerations.

Q4: What if my Punnett square has more than 4 outcomes?
A: The same formula applies - just use the appropriate F and T values for your specific square size.

Q5: Can I use this for sex-linked traits?
A: Yes, but remember to account for the different probabilities in males and females for X-linked traits.