1. What is a Punnett Square?

A Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of offspring from parental alleles. It's a fundamental tool in genetics that visually represents Mendelian inheritance.

2. Probability Calculation in Genetics

The basic probability formula used in Punnett squares is:

Where:

• \( P \) — Probability of a particular genotype or phenotype
• \( F \) — Number of favorable squares in the Punnett square
• \( T \) — Total number of possible squares (usually 4 for monohybrid crosses or 16 for dihybrid crosses)

3. How to Use This Calculator

Instructions: Enter the number of favorable outcomes (how many squares show your desired genotype/phenotype) and the total number of possible outcomes (total squares in your Punnett square).

4. Practical Applications

Uses: Predicting inheritance patterns, genetic counseling, plant and animal breeding, and understanding basic genetic principles.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What's the difference between genotype and phenotype probability?
A: Genotype probability refers to genetic makeup (e.g., AA, Aa, aa), while phenotype probability refers to observable traits (e.g., dominant vs. recessive traits).

Q2: How do I count favorable outcomes in a Punnett square?
A: Identify all squares that contain your target genotype or would produce your target phenotype.

Q3: What's the probability for heterozygous offspring in Aa × Aa?
A: 50% (2 out of 4 squares will be Aa in a standard monohybrid cross).

Q4: How does this apply to dihybrid crosses?
A: The same principle applies but with 16 squares instead of 4. Count favorable outcomes out of 16.

Q5: Can probability predict actual offspring numbers?
A: Probability predicts likelihood, not exact numbers. Actual results may vary due to random chance.