1. What is a 4x4 Punnett Square?

A 4x4 Punnett square is used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations from a cross between two organisms that are both heterozygous for two traits (dihybrid cross). It shows all possible combinations of alleles that can occur in the offspring.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the probability formula:

Where:

• \( P \) — Probability (dimensionless)
• \( F \) — Number of favorable outcomes (0-256)

Explanation: In a 4x4 Punnett square for two traits, there are 256 possible combinations (16x16). The probability of a specific outcome is the number of favorable combinations divided by 256.

3. Importance of Punnett Squares

Details: Punnett squares are fundamental tools in genetics for predicting the probability of offspring inheriting particular genotypes and phenotypes from their parents.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the number of favorable outcomes (0-256) to calculate the probability. The result will be shown as both a decimal and percentage.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Why 256 possible outcomes?
A: For two traits with 16 combinations each, the total possible combinations is 16 × 16 = 256.

Q2: What's the difference between 4x4 and 2x2 Punnett squares?
A: A 2x2 square is for single trait crosses (monohybrid), while 4x4 is for two trait crosses (dihybrid).

Q3: How do I count favorable outcomes?
A: Count how many squares in the Punnett square match your desired genotype or phenotype combination.

Q4: Can this be used for more than two traits?
A: No, this calculator is specifically for two-trait (4x4) Punnett squares.

Q5: What about incomplete dominance or codominance?
A: The basic 4x4 Punnett square assumes complete dominance. More complex inheritance patterns require adjustments.