1. What is a 4x4 Punnett Square?

A 4x4 Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations from a cross between two organisms with three traits. It shows all possible combinations of parental alleles in the offspring.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the probability formula:

Where:

• \( P \) — Probability of a specific genotype combination
• \( F \) — Number of favorable outcomes in the Punnett square
• 256 — Total possible combinations in a 4x4 square for 3 traits

Explanation: For three traits with two alleles each, there are 4×4×4×4 = 256 possible combinations in the offspring.

3. Importance of Punnett Squares

Details: Punnett squares are fundamental tools in genetics for predicting the probability of offspring inheriting specific traits from their parents.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the number of favorable outcomes (0-256) from your Punnett square analysis. The calculator will compute the probability as a decimal and percentage.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Why 256 possible outcomes?
A: For three traits with two alleles each (A/a, B/b, C/c), each parent can produce 8 possible gametes (2³), and 8×8 = 64 combinations per trait. For three traits, 64×4 = 256 total combinations.

Q2: How do I count favorable outcomes?
A: Count how many squares in your Punnett square match your desired genotype combination.

Q3: Can this be used for more than 3 traits?
A: No, this calculator is specifically for 3 traits. More traits would require a different calculation.

Q4: What's the difference between genotype and phenotype probability?
A: Genotype refers to genetic makeup (e.g., AaBbCc), while phenotype refers to physical expression (e.g., dominant traits shown).

Q5: Are Punnett squares always accurate?
A: They predict probabilities but don't account for factors like genetic linkage or mutations that may occur.